農機智能化正帶來“農業革命”

  在農(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)領域(yu)，智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)技(ji)(ji)術正在使得農(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)從(cong)形(xing)態(tai)到(dao)功能(neng)(neng)發生翻天(tian)覆(fu)地的變化(hua)，無人機(ji)(ji)、自動插秧機(ji)(ji)、農(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)作業(ye)精(jing)細化(hua)管理平(ping)臺等，既有(you)單(dan)個的智能(neng)(neng)農(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)產(chan)品，也有(you)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)系(xi)統和平(ping)臺。隨著智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)技(ji)(ji)術通過多種(zhong)方式影(ying)響農(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)和農(nong)(nong)業(ye)，一場全(quan)新(xin)的“農(nong)(nong)業(ye)革命”正被掀(xian)起(qi)。

  智能農機顯身手

  日前(qian)，有媒(mei)體報(bao)道稱，我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)產水稻(dao)直(zhi)播(bo)(bo)機邁入智能化(hua)行(xing)列。據(ju)悉(xi)，水稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機械(xie)化(hua)是(shi)(shi)水稻(dao)生(sheng)產全程(cheng)機械(xie)化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)最為薄弱的環節，其(qi)研究(jiu)也是(shi)(shi)農業(ye)(ye)科(ke)(ke)技界重點關注的動(dong)態。而農業(ye)(ye)部(bu)南京(jing)農業(ye)(ye)機械(xie)化(hua)研究(jiu)所種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機械(xie)化(hua)團(tuan)隊充分利用(yong)已有的技術(shu)沉(chen)淀，成(cheng)功研制(zhi)出國(guo)(guo)內首臺33行(xing)大(da)型(xing)智能化(hua)氣力(li)集排(pai)式(shi)(shi)水稻(dao)直(zhi)播(bo)(bo)機，并在(zai)(zai)江蘇省鹽城市臨海農場四機場進行(xing)試驗。據(ju)悉(xi)，該(gai)項(xiang)目是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)農科(ke)(ke)院創新(xin)工程(cheng)專項(xiang)經費資助下完成(cheng)的，該(gai)裝備(bei)的成(cheng)功研制(zhi)填補國(guo)(guo)內大(da)型(xing)氣力(li)式(shi)(shi)智能化(hua)水稻(dao)直(zhi)播(bo)(bo)技術(shu)空白。資料顯示，該(gai)裝備(bei)采用(yong)折疊式(shi)(shi)機架(jia)，作業(ye)(ye)幅寬8米，作業(ye)(ye)速(su)度可(ke)(ke)達10千(qian)米/小(xiao)(xiao)時，作業(ye)(ye)效(xiao)率75畝(mu)(mu)/小(xiao)(xiao)時至100畝(mu)(mu)/小(xiao)(xiao)時，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)作業(ye)(ye)僅由機手一人即(ji)可(ke)(ke)完成(cheng)，可(ke)(ke)適(shi)應大(da)型(xing)農場及(ji)其(qi)他規模化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)主體作業(ye)(ye)要(yao)求。

  不僅僅是水稻種植機(ji)械(xie)(xie)化，今年，農業(ye)生產大(da)量(liang)使用(yong)的(de)(de)拖拉機(ji)也成為智能化載體。據悉(xi)，在山東等地，拖拉機(ji)安裝上北斗(dou)導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)統，實(shi)現拖拉機(ji)的(de)(de)自動(dong)(dong)調整和自動(dong)(dong)駕駛，把北斗(dou)導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)統應(ying)用(yong)在農業(ye)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)上，它的(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)度誤差在每百(bai)米(mi)±2.5cm，比(bi)GPS（全球定位系(xi)統）更精(jing)準，北斗(dou)導(dao)航(hang)農機(ji)應(ying)用(yong)系(xi)統適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)整地、開(kai)溝(gou)、起壟、播種、插(cha)秧、施肥、收獲等多環(huan)節(jie)。

  此(ci)外(wai)，智(zhi)能(neng)化(hua)觸角也已伸到農業(ye)(ye)生產中(zhong)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)植物(wu)嫁(jia)接上(shang)。據悉，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)是世界上(shang)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)設施栽培國(guo)(guo)家(jia)，農業(ye)(ye)對機(ji)械化(hua)嫁(jia)接有迫切需(xu)求，特別(bie)是以日光溫(wen)室為代表的(de)(de)(de)具有中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色的(de)(de)(de)保護地蔬(shu)菜(cai)栽培和(he)塑料大(da)(da)棚的(de)(de)(de)發展尤為迅(xun)速(su)。現實(shi)(shi)需(xu)求刺激(ji)科學(xue)(xue)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)快速(su)發展。資(zi)料顯示，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)農業(ye)(ye)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)開(kai)展自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)嫁(jia)接技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)研(yan)究工作的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間較早，先后研(yan)制(zhi)成(cheng)功自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)插接法、自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)旋切貼合法，填補我(wo)國(guo)(guo)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)嫁(jia)接技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)白，形成(cheng)具有我(wo)國(guo)(guo)自(zi)(zi)主知識(shi)產權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)嫁(jia)接技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。例如，利用傳感器(qi)(qi)和(he)計(ji)算機(ji)圖像(xiang)處理技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，實(shi)(shi)現嫁(jia)接苗(miao)(miao)子(zi)葉方向的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)識(shi)別(bie)、判斷(duan)。嫁(jia)接機(ji)器(qi)(qi)人能(neng)完成(cheng)砧木和(he)穗木的(de)(de)(de)取苗(miao)(miao)、切苗(miao)(miao)、接合、固(gu)定、排苗(miao)(miao)等嫁(jia)接過程的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)作業(ye)(ye)，操作者只需(xu)把(ba)砧木和(he)穗木放到相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)供苗(miao)(miao)臺(tai)上(shang)，其余嫁(jia)接作業(ye)(ye)均可由機(ji)器(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)完成(cheng)，從(cong)而大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提(ti)高(gao)作業(ye)(ye)效率，減輕(qing)勞動(dong)(dong)強度。

  智能化農業創(chuang)新(xin)無窮

  除單個(ge)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)產品的(de)(de)智(zhi)能化(hua)外，“智(zhi)能+農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)”正在形(xing)成農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)智(zhi)能化(hua)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)生態(tai)。例(li)如，在寧夏(xia)靈武(wu)市(shi)，為加快現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)，適應(ying)新形(xing)勢(shi)下農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)目標要求，2016年，該市(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)機(ji)(ji)械化(hua)推(tui)廣(guang)服務中(zhong)心在7個(ge)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)合作(zuo)(zuo)社(she)裝配北斗(dou)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)精細化(hua)管理平臺。資料顯(xian)示，該系統(tong)(tong)(tong)主要功能有(you)北斗(dou)定(ding)位、實時測畝(mu)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)監控(kong)(kong)、面積統(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)分析、作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)面積和(he)質(zhi)量核(he)查、農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)度等。系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)能及(ji)時直觀掌握示范區農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)分布、有(you)效(xiao)監控(kong)(kong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)質(zhi)量和(he)狀態(tai)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)手作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)情況等信息(xi)，對突發(fa)事(shi)件采(cai)取(qu)及(ji)時有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)應(ying)對措施，在關(guan)鍵農(nong)(nong)(nong)時或自然災害天氣前(qian)后實施精準調(diao)度、集中(zhong)搶收(shou)搶種，提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)效(xiao)率和(he)土地利用(yong)率，有(you)效(xiao)解決(jue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村勞(lao)動力緊缺問題(ti)。

  其(qi)實(shi)，不論是智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)還是農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)化，背后都(dou)需要打造(zao)強(qiang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支持系(xi)統(tong)。正是在(zai)(zai)系(xi)統(tong)和生態建設方面(mian)，已吸引越來越多企業(ye)和資本參與。新聞報道顯示，今年3月10日，在(zai)(zai)全(quan)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械及零部(bu)件(jian)展覽會上，“e田科(ke)技”首批200臺(tai)AGlink智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)設備(bei)交付國內農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)巨頭(tou)雷沃重工的(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)割機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)戶。據了(le)解，該(gai)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)設備(bei)是“e田科(ke)技”公(gong)司為收(shou)獲(huo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械量身打造(zao)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)收(shou)割機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上安裝(zhuang)該(gai)設備(bei)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)手(shou)不僅能(neng)(neng)(neng)實(shi)現(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)故障的(de)(de)(de)(de)自動診斷(duan)、預警，實(shi)時監控(kong)作(zuo)業(ye)面(mian)積(ji)及收(shou)獲(huo)情況，還能(neng)(neng)(neng)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)手(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)APP應(ying)用(yong)程序，與農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)服務指揮系(xi)統(tong)互聯(lian)，便于售后服務系(xi)統(tong)實(shi)時查看(kan)作(zuo)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)位置，實(shi)現(xian)對服務車輛的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)和管理，保(bao)障服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)高效(xiao)、精準。此外，“e田科(ke)技”的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)數(shu)據分析平臺(tai)還能(neng)(neng)(neng)綜合(he)統(tong)計分析作(zuo)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關作(zuo)業(ye)數(shu)據，可為農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)家、政府部(bu)門等及時提供全(quan)國各地的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)作(zuo)業(ye)進度(du)及跨區作(zuo)業(ye)趨勢(shi)，為農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學有效(xiao)組織提供精準的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)數(shu)據支撐。（摘自：中國農(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化網）

  而在(zai)云南，“互(hu)聯(lian)網+現(xian)代農(nong)業”創新(xin)方向上，正在(zai)連(lian)(lian)點成線，連(lian)(lian)線成面，連(lian)(lian)面成系統，并進一步打造智(zhi)能化農(nong)業的全新(xin)生態(tai)。

  農機和農藝相結合(he)

  農(nong)機(ji)的智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化進程持續加快，必將(jiang)帶來農(nong)業整體生態(tai)的大(da)變(bian)革。據悉，“十三五”時期(qi)，科技部等有關(guan)部門(men)將(jiang)“智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)農(nong)機(ji)裝備(bei)”列入優先啟動的重點科研專(zhuan)項，涉及支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持農(nong)機(ji)11個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)49個項目(mu)，預(yu)計支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持資金將(jiang)達到20億元。2016年度(du)首批啟動包括農(nong)機(ji)作業信息感知與精細生產管控應用基礎研究任(ren)(ren)務(wu)、智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)農(nong)業動力機(ji)械研發(fa)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)、糧食作物(wu)高效智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)收獲技術裝備(bei)研發(fa)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)、經(jing)濟作物(wu)高效能(neng)(neng)收獲與智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)控制技術裝備(bei)研發(fa)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)等4個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)19個項目(mu)。農(nong)機(ji)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化高歌(ge)猛進。

  但(dan)農機(ji)越來(lai)越智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)，農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產越來(lai)越倚重(zhong)智能(neng)(neng)機(ji)械(xie)和(he)智能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)，農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)走向何方卻(que)已開始出現(xian)爭(zheng)議(yi)。有觀點就認為，隨著農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)械(xie)智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)、農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)，必將泥沙俱下顛覆傳統(tong)(tong)的農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產，在(zai)帶來(lai)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)之余(yu)，傳統(tong)(tong)農藝及其(qi)培育下的優質農產品等(deng)將不復存在(zai)，這其(qi)實(shi)也正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)農機(ji)面臨(lin)的矛盾。目前來(lai)看(kan)，農機(ji)智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)、農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)朝著經濟效(xiao)益(yi)提高、人(ren)力(li)成本(ben)降低等(deng)方向前進。但(dan)隨著技術進步(bu)，農機(ji)+農藝的密切結合(he)將是(shi)(shi)(shi)智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)“農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)革命”的最終方向。